A Permanent Death - Capital Punishment Essays - Penology

A Permanent Death - Capital Punishment Let American Consumer Counseling Help you Get Out of Debt! A Permanent Death - Capital Punishment There are five basic reasons that society uses when imposing "punishment" that I've been able to conclude from my readings. I will discuss these societal concepts and show that the death penalty does not serve to further them. As a result William Smith should not be subject to the death penalty and in fact the same should be abolished from our system of "punishment". Deterrence Deterrence is basically defined as "the punishment should fit the crime." Under this concept, the individual committing the crime and society are prevented from committing this action again. In the case of the death penalty, an individual kills another human and he is "punished" for it by death. Punishment is supposed to be a temporary penalization for a wrongful action. Death is far from temporary. One is to learn from one's mistakes. How can the person learn if they are paying for their mistake with their life? In Ernest van den Haag's article, "The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense" he states, "The death penalty is our harshest punishment. It is irrevocable: it ends the existence of those punished, instead of temporarily imprisoning them." (Haag, 251). By imposing the death penalty the individual does not learn from their mistakes and neither does society. Economy Under this concept, punishment should be economical. As Haag points out, "...the monetary cost of appealing a capital sentence is excessive." (Haag, 253). Further, "...actual monetary costs are trumped by the importance of doing justice." (Haag, 253). Additionally there are specific costs associated with keeping an inmate on death row, (i.e. the cost of the specially built prison blocks, the need for maximum security, etc.) and more. These costs clearly out weigh the regular costs incurred to house a regular inmate. Deterrence is clearly not served by imposing the death penalty and society aims for justice are thwarted. Restitution Society demands that the punishment should fix the harm it has done. By sentencing a person to death no harm has been fixed. You can not bring the murdered person back by taking the prisoner's life. "Punishment-regardless of the motivation is not intended to revenge, offset, or compensate for the victims suffering or to be measured by it." (Haag, 253). Retribution The community demands that justice be served. Would justice not equally be served and in fact may be better served by life imprisonment? I believe it would be a worse punishment to endure a life sentence in prison. The individual is deprived of his liberty. He will then suffer and live the rest of his or her life within three lonely walls and a set of bars. It gives the individual time to think and wallow in his own guilt. Someone kills another. The State then proceeds to kill him for doing so. This is not punishment but revenge. Revenge is inconsistent with society's demands that justice be served because the punishment has to fit the crime. Justice Brennan has insisted that the death penalty is "uncivilized, " "inhuman," inconsistent with "human dignity" and with the "dignity of life." (Haag, 254). Brennan speaks of moral imperatives. It is morally wrong for someone to kill someone. If so, then the state is committing a morally wrongful act. As they say, "two wrongs don't make a right." Rehabilitation Society desires for its members to reintegrate themselves into society. Punishment includes preparing the person to reenter society and lead a productive life. Without doubt, if you impose the death penalty there is no opportunity for rehabilitation. Overview of the William Alvin Smith case William Alvin Smith robbed and killed the owner of a grocery store in Georgia when he was 20 years old. He turned himself to the police and signed a confession. The local jury condemned Smith to the electric chair but a federal judge ordered a new sentencing hearing for Smith on the grounds that he lacked the ability to understand the significance of waiving his rights to remain silent and to have an attorney present. Smith has the mental capacity of a ten-year-old. Analysis of the William Alvin Smith Case in Relation to Society's Expectations of Punishment William Smith stands before you guilty but guilty of what? That is the question. I propose to you that the only thing we can condemn William Smith for is being guilty of being a child and acting the way a child would. Let us examine his actions. William Smith in whatever state of mind he was at the time he committed this act fully acknowledged that he did in fact do something wrong.

Free Essays on Osteoporosis

Essay on Osteoporosis The topic I have chosen is Osteoporosis, a condition of increased skeletal fragility. Clinically Osteoporosis is ordinarily explained in relation to the bone density. In after growth the strength of the bone depends on two factors – the peak firmness of bone gained in early stages of life and later age related and hormone weakness related bone loss. In the event of calcium deficiency state (decreased dietary intake, malabsorption or increased loss) calcium requirements are met by skeletal calcium release leading to a negative calcium balance. Over a prolonged period of time this may lead to Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease of brittle bones. Loss of bone mineral (calcium) leads to weakening of the skeleton, fragility and bony fractures. In Osteoporosis the bone condition is characterized by a decrease in mass, resulting in bones that are more easily fractured than normal bones. The most common fractures are that of the wrist, spine, and hip. Nonetheless, all bones can be affected. Both men and women are at risk of developing Osteoporosis. Men tend to develop Osteoporosis later in life. White females are the most at risk, but other risk factors include low calcium intake; insufficient physical activity; certain drugs, such as corticosteroids, and a family history of the disease. Primary Osteoporosis is the most common form of the disease. Postmenopausal, or oestrogen-deficient, Osteoporosis (Type 1), which is observed in women whose ovaries have ceased to produce the hormone Oestrogen; age-related Osteoporosis (Type 2), which affects those over the age of 70; and Idiopathic Osteoporosis, a rare disorder of unknown cause that affects premenopausal women and men who are middle aged or younger. Secondary Osteoporosis may be caused by bone disuse as a result of paralysis or other conditions, including weightlessness in space; endocrine and nutritional disorders, including anorexia nerv... Free Essays on Osteoporosis Free Essays on Osteoporosis Essay on Osteoporosis The topic I have chosen is Osteoporosis, a condition of increased skeletal fragility. Clinically Osteoporosis is ordinarily explained in relation to the bone density. In after growth the strength of the bone depends on two factors – the peak firmness of bone gained in early stages of life and later age related and hormone weakness related bone loss. In the event of calcium deficiency state (decreased dietary intake, malabsorption or increased loss) calcium requirements are met by skeletal calcium release leading to a negative calcium balance. Over a prolonged period of time this may lead to Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease of brittle bones. Loss of bone mineral (calcium) leads to weakening of the skeleton, fragility and bony fractures. In Osteoporosis the bone condition is characterized by a decrease in mass, resulting in bones that are more easily fractured than normal bones. The most common fractures are that of the wrist, spine, and hip. Nonetheless, all bones can be affected. Both men and women are at risk of developing Osteoporosis. Men tend to develop Osteoporosis later in life. White females are the most at risk, but other risk factors include low calcium intake; insufficient physical activity; certain drugs, such as corticosteroids, and a family history of the disease. Primary Osteoporosis is the most common form of the disease. Postmenopausal, or oestrogen-deficient, Osteoporosis (Type 1), which is observed in women whose ovaries have ceased to produce the hormone Oestrogen; age-related Osteoporosis (Type 2), which affects those over the age of 70; and Idiopathic Osteoporosis, a rare disorder of unknown cause that affects premenopausal women and men who are middle aged or younger. Secondary Osteoporosis may be caused by bone disuse as a result of paralysis or other conditions, including weightlessness in space; endocrine and nutritional disorders, including anorexia nerv... Free Essays on Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and an increased chance of fracturing the hip, spine and wrist bones. Osteoporosis affects not only woman but men also. One out of every two women and one in four men over fifty will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime. Forty-four million Americans suffer from osteoporosis; sixty-eight percent of that number are women. A couple risk factors that you cannot change concerning osteoporosis are gender, age, body size, ethnicity, and family history. Your chances of developing osteoporosis are greater if you are a woman. Women have less bone tissue and lose bone more rapidly than men because of the changes involved in menopause. Age, the older you are, the greater the risk of osteoporosis. Your bones become less dense and weaker as you age. Body size, small, thin-boned women are at greater risk. Ethnicity, Caucasian and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Latino women have a lower but significant risk. Family history, susceptibility to fracture may be in part, hereditary. People whose parents have a history of fractures also seem to have reduced bone mass and may be at risk for fractures. Some different risk factors that you can change to help decrease the possibilities of osteoporosis are sex hormones, anorexia, a lifetime diet low in calcium and vitamin D, use of certain medications, inactive lifestyle or extended bed rest, cigarette smoking, excessive use of alcohol are all risks you can prevent. Vitamin D and calcium are two main vitamins needed to keep your bones strong. Without each other, ones bones weaken. Vitamin D is needed for the body to absorb calcium. Without enough Vitamin D, we can not form enough of the hormonal calcitriol, which helps the calcium be absorbed. You can get Vitamin D from either your daily... Free Essays on Osteoporosis Osteoporosis The meaning of the word Osteoporosis is literally â€Å"porous bones.† This is explained as a disease in which proteins and minerals, especially calcium, are lost in excessive amounts. This results in the loss of bone mass, which leads to the breaking and fracturing of the bone(s). In order to understand Osteoporosis, you have to know about the stages of the bones (Boughton, 2116). Bone is living tissue in the body that has a two-staged process in order to constantly renew itself. The first stage of the bone process is called formation. The nutrients in the bloodstream build up new bone tissue. The second stage, called resorption, is where bone cells are broken down and then returned to the blood. Since Osteoporosis is a non-infectious disease, meaning that it is not a pathogen, it is the continuation or acceleration of the natural bone processes. There are two types of Osteoporosis that are both damaging to the bones. The first type of Osteoporosis is called Primary Osteoporosis. In this case, it occurs by the acceleration of the body’s normal aging process. The other type of the disease is called Secondary Osteoporosis. Other disease processes and certain medications are the causes of this type (Boughton, 2117). The process of Primary Osteoporosis occurs when resorption and formation becomes unbalanced. This is when bone is continually being removed, but no new bone is formed in place of it. This makes the bones weaker and smaller. Secondary Osteoporosis, on the other hand, has the same result as Primary, but occurs differently. Secondary Osteoporosis is when drugs and other diseases aid in increasing the rate of the resorption process (Boyden, 559). Although Osteoporosis is caused when the resorption rate is much greater than the formation processes, there are many factors that aid in developing the disease. Some of these influential factors include age, gender, diet, lifestyle, and figure ... Free Essays on Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a bone disease in which bones become thinner and more porous. This disease is usually painless until a bone breaks or fractures. Fractures are the most common result of osteoporosis. These fractures are usually in the spine, hip and wrist. More than 1.5 million osteoporosis-related fractures occur each year in the United States, mostly in older women (). Although men do suffer from this ailment, osteoporosis is most common among older women. About 25% of women older than 60 years have this disease (Strange 25). Many times this disease goes undiagnosed until signs and symptoms arise, most commonly are fractures. Yes, but much less commonly than women. The cause of osteoporosis in men is often chronic alcoholism. Loss of testosterone (a male hormone similar to estrogen in women) is another cause. Although not all causes of osteoporosis are known, loss of estrogen, due to menopause, is a major known cause for women. Women who either have had early menopause or their ovaries surgically removed before age forty-five, who do not receive estrogen treatment, are also more likely to develop osteoporosis. Other factors causing osteoporosis include small body frames, excessive use of alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and enduring excessively strenuous exercise that stops menstrual periods. Additionally to these causes are factors known to lead to osteoporosis. These include a family history of the disease, a low dietary intake of calcium, the use of medications such as prednisone or other steroids, hormonal disorders such as hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and Cushings disease, and other diseases such as chronic liver disease and intestinal disorders. Aging is another major factor in the cause of osteoporosis. Without treatment, men and women lose one to three percent of their bone s mass each year after age 50. As life expectancies increase, osteoporosis may become even more prevalent unless preventive measure...

Leadership Approach Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Approach - Research Paper Example This paper discusses group performance study as an approach to studying leadership. Organizational group performance is the performance of various groups that are involved in the functioning organizational departments to achieve its goals. The efficiency of departmental groups contributes to the general success of the whole organization. Training employees in various groups helps them evaluate their performance by identifying the possible gaps in their skills or performance and plan on how to make effective improvements. According to Yuki (2010), for a group to be effective, all members have to work in unity to achieve results. Issues arising among the different members of the group are a hindrance on achieving results. These issues could be either task related, interpersonal related or either common. Measurement of group performance relies on the contribution of all group members working towards completing a similar task by application of interpersonal skills. A good leader should possess skills and knowledge to direct the group members in achieving the common goal. The out-come of the group measures the leaders’ level of performance. The performance of the entire organization is largely depended on the performance of the various groups of the organization. A successful leader should be in a position to control the various groups of the organization to achieve the goal of organization (Kottler & Englar, 2010). A leader chooses the most preferable method of leadership to apply to the group, which could either be autocratic or democratic. An autocratic leader makes the group’s decision with minimum or no consultations from the other members, while a democratic leader allows consultations of all group members and considers individual opinions regarding the issue at hand. Group leadership defines the purpose of the group, and every member is of the group feels proud to belong to the group. Members understand the roles